The Chief Clinical Informatics Officer (CCIO)

 

 Permissions and Reprints

Summary

Introduction

The emerging operational role of the “Chief Clinical Informatics Officer” (CCIO) remains heterogeneous with individuals deriving from a variety of clinical settings and backgrounds. The CCIO is defined in title, responsibility, and scope of practice by local organizations. The term encompasses the more commonly used Chief Medical Informatics Officer (CMIO) and Chief Nursing Informatics Officer (CNIO) as well as the rarely used Chief Pharmacy Informatics Officer (CPIO) and Chief Dental Informatics Officer (CDIO).

Background

The American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) identified a need to better delineate the knowledge, education, skillsets, and operational scope of the CCIO in an attempt to address the challenges surrounding the professional development and the hiring processes of CCIOs.

Discussion

An AMIA task force developed knowledge, education, and operational skillset recommendations for CCIOs focusing on the common core aspect and describing individual differences based on Clinical Informatics focus. The task force concluded that while the role of the CCIO currently is diverse, a growing body of Clinical Informatics and increasing certification efforts are resulting in increased homogeneity. The task force advised that 1.) To achieve a predictable and desirable skillset, the CCIO must complete clearly defined and specified Clinical Informatics education and training. 2.) Future education and training must reflect the changing body of knowledge and must be guided by changing day-to-day informatics challenges.

Conclusion

A better defined and specified education and skillset for all CCIO positions will motivate the CCIO workforce and empower them to perform the job of a 21st century CCIO. Formally educated and trained CCIOs will provide a competitive advantage to their respective enterprise by fully utilizing the power of Informatics science.

^* AMIA Task Force on CCIO Skillset and Educational Requirements included Joseph Kannry (Chair), Steven J. Davidson, Tonya Hongsermeier, Christoph U. Lehmann, Larry Ozeran, Thomas Payne, John Poikonen, Patricia P. Sengstack, Roy L. Simpson, Thankam Paul Thyvalikakath, Thomas Yackel, Barbara B. Frink

• References

• 1 ML G, HA S. Selected Automated Ambulatory Medical Records Systems. In Automated Data Sources for Ambulatory Care Effectiveness Research: Agency For Health Policy and Research1993 Contract No. Dec 22.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 2 The MITRE Corporation. Electronic Health Records Overview. National Institutes of Health National Center for Research Resources. 2006 [cited 2014 12/21/2014]; Available from: http://www.himss.org/files/HIMSSorg/content/files/Code%20180%20MITRE%20Key%20Components%20of%20an%20EHR.pdf.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 3 Collen MF. A history of medical informatics in the United States, 1950 to 1990. Indianapolis, IN: American Medical Informatics Association; 1995
  Google Scholar
• 4 Glaser JP, Williams RB. The definitive Evolution of the role of the CIO. J Healthc Inf Manag 2007; 21 (01) 9-11.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 5 Board A. Pesonal Communication ed2015.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 6 Poon, Eric. Pesonal Communication ed2015.
  PubMed
• 7 Chief medical informatics officer. Wikipedia; [cited 2014 Dec. 21]; Available from: http://en.wiki- pedia.org/wiki/Chief_medical_informatics_officer.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 8 AMIA. Clinical Informatics Board Review Course-History. AMIA. 2014 [cited 2014 June 30, 2014]; Available from: http://www.amia.org/clinical-informatics-board-review-course/history.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 9 Kim GR, Lehmann CU. In search of dialogue and discourse in applied clinical informatics. Appl Clin Inform 2009; 00 (01) 1-7.
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 10 Congress OHE. American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. Washington, DC: GPO; 2009 [cited 2014 June 30]; Available from: http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/BILLS-111hr1enr/pdf/BILLS-111hr1enr. pdf.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 11 Detmer DE, Lumpkin JR, Williamson JJ. Defining the medical subspecialty of clinical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (02) 167-168.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 12 Gardner RM, Overhage JM, Steen EB, Munger BS, Holmes JH, Williamson JJ, Detmer DE. Core content for the subspecialty of clinical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (02) 153-157.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 13 Safran C, Shabot MM, Munger BS, Holmes JH, Steen EB, Lumpkin JR, Detmer DE. Program requirements for fellowship education in the subspecialty of clinical informatics. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2009; 16 (02) 158-166.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 14 McBride SG, Tietze M, Fenton MV. Developing an applied informatics course for a doctor of nursing practice program. Nurse Educ 2013; 38 (01) 37-42.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 15 (ANCC) ANCC. Informatics Nursing Board Certification Test Content Outline - effective date: May 7, 2012. 2012 [cited 2014 July 1, 2014]; Available from: http://www.nursecredentialing.org/Documents/Cer tification/TestContentOutlines/Informatics-TCO2012.aspx.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 16 American Nurses Association. Nursing informatics : scope and standards of practice. 2nd. Silver Spring, Md: American Nurses Association; 2015
  Google Scholar
• 17 Technology-enabled practice: a vision statement by the ASHP Section of Pharmacy Informatics and Technology. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009; 66 (17) 1573-1577.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 18 Fox BI, Flynn AJ, Fortier CR, Clauson KA. Knowledge, skills, and resources for pharmacy informatics education. Am J Pharm Educ 2011; 75 (05) 93.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 19 Seaton T. Setting the stage: Consensus-based development of pharmacy informatics competencies. Building core competencies in pharmacy informatics. Washington, DC: American Pharmacists Association; 2010
  Google Scholar
• 20 Zimmerman JL, Ball MJ, Petroski SP. Computers in dentistry. Dental clinics of North America 1986; 30 (04) 739-743.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 21 Schleyer TK, Thyvalikakath TP, Spallek H, Dziabiak MP, Johnson LA. From information technology to informatics: the information revolution in dental education. J Dent Educ 2012; 76 (01) 142-153.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 22 Dixon P. What’s on the CIO’s Mind?. CIO Connection 2012; September 21, 2012 14-15.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 23 Ash JS, Fournier L, Stavri PZ, Dykstra R. Principles for a successful computerized physician order entry implementation. AMIA Annu Symp Proc. United States2003 6-40.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 24 Craven CK, Sievert MC, Hicks LL, Alexander GL, Hearne LB, Holmes JH. CAH to CAH: EHR implementation advice to critical access hospitals from peer experts and other key informants. Appl Clin Inform 2014; 05 (01) 92-117.
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 25 Ingebrigtsen T, Georgiou A, Clay-Williams R, Magrabi F, Hordern A, Prgomet M, Li J, Westbrook J, Braithwaite J. The impact of clinical leadership on health information technology adoption: Systematic review. Int J Med Inform 2014; 83 (06) 393-405.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 26 Kannry J. Computerized Physician Order Entry and Patient Safety: Panacea or Pandora’s Box?. In: Ong KR. editor. Medical informatics : an executive primer. Chicago, IL: HIMSS; 2007. xviii, 316.
  Google Scholar
• 27 Silow-Carroll S, Edwards JN, Rodin D. Using electronic health records to improve quality and efficiency: the experiences of leading hospitals. Issue Brief (Commonw Fund) 2012; 17: 1-40.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 28 Bleich HL, Beckley RF, Horowitz GL, Jackson JD, Moody ES, Franklin C, Goodman SR, McKay MW, Pope RA, Walden T. et al. Clinical computing in a teaching hospital. N Engl J Med 1985; 312 (12) 756-764.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 29 Garibaldi RA. Computers and the quality of care - a clinician’s perspective. N Engl J Med 1998; 338 (04) 259-260.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 30 McDonald CJ, Hui SL, Smith DM, Tierney WM, Cohen SJ, Weinberger M, McCabe GP. Reminders to physicians from an introspective computer medical record. A two-year randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 1984; 100 (01) 130-138.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 31 Tierney WM, McDonald CJ, Martin DK, Rogers MP. Computerized display of past test results. Effect on outpatient testing. Ann Intern Med 1987; 107 (04) 569-574.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 32 Miller RA, Pople Jr. HE, Myers JD. Internist-1, an experimental computer-based diagnostic consultant for general internal medicine. N Engl J Med 1982; 307 (08) 468-476.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 33 Friedman BA. The potential role of physicians in the management of hospital information systems. Clin Lab Med 1990; 10 (01) 239-250.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 34 Friedman BA, Martin JB. The physician as a locus of authority, responsibility, and operational control of medical systems. J Med Syst 1988; 12 (06) 389-396.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 35 Frisse ME, Musen MA, Slack WV, Stead WW. How should we organize to do informatics? Report of the ACMI Debate at the 1997 AMIA Fall Symposium. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association 1998; 05 (03) 293-304.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 36 Slack WV, Bleich HL. The CCC system in two teaching hospitals: a progress report. International Journal of Medical Informatics 1999; 54 (03) 183-196.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 37 Kannry J. Pesonal Communication ed2014.
  PubMed
• 38 Barnett GO. The application of computer-based medical-record systems in ambulatory practice. N Engl J Med 1984; 310 (25) 1643-1650.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 39 Pryor TA, Gardner RM, Clayton PD, Warner HR. The HELP system. J Med Syst 1983; 07 (02) 87-102.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 40 Gardner RM, Pryor TA, Warner HR. The HELP hospital information system: update 1998. Int J Med Inf 1999; 54 (03) 169-182.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 41 Halamka JD, Osterland C, Safran C. CareWeb, a web-based medical record for an integrated health care delivery system. International journal of medical informatics 1999; 54 (01) 1-8.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 42 McDonald CJ, Overhage JM, Tierney WM, Dexter PR, Martin DK, Suico JG, Zafar A, Schadow G, Blevins L, Glazener T, Meeks-Johnson J, Lemmon L, Warvel J, Porterfield B, Cassidy P, Lindbergh D, Belsito A, Tucker M, Williams B, Wodniak C. The Regenstrief Medical Record System: a quarter century experience. International journal of medical informatics 1999; 54 (03) 225-253.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 43 Safran C, Sands DZ, Rind DM. Online medical records: a decade of experience. Methods of information in medicine 1999; 38 4-5 308-312.
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 44 Slack WV, Bleich HL. The CCC system in two teaching hospitals: a progress report. Int J Med Inf 1999; 54 (03) 183-196.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 45 Teich JM, Glaser JP, Beckley RF, Aranow M, Bates DW, Kuperman GJ, Ward ME, Spurr CD. The Brigham integrated computing system (BICS): advanced clinical systems in an academic hospital environment. Int J Med Inf 1999; 54 (03) 197-208.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 46 Morgan MW. The VA advantage: the gold standard in clinical informatics. Healthc Pap 2005; 05 (04) 26-29.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 47 Miller RA, Waitman LR, Chen S, Rosenbloom ST. The anatomy of decision support during inpatient care provider order entry (CPOE): empirical observations from a decade of CPOE experience at Vanderbilt. Journal of biomedical informatics 2005; 38 (06) 469-485.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 48 Davies NE. The National Library of Medicine and the American medical information system: the physician’s perspective. Bull Med Libr Assoc 1986; 74 (04) 333-338.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 49 Aronow DB, Payne TH, Pincetl SP. Postdoctoral training in medical informatics: a survey of National Library of Medicine-supported fellows. Med Decis Making 1991; 11 (01) 29-32.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 50 Hersher B. The essential skills for the chief medical information officer. J Healthc Inf Manag 2003; 17 (01) 10-11.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 51 Kannry J, Glaser J, Hersher B, Karson T. editors. The Making of a Clinical Informaticist: Factors for Success in the Enterprise. 2001 American Medical Informatics Association Annual Fall Symposium. 2001. Washington, DC: Hanley Belfus, Inc.;
  Google Scholar
• 52 Karson T, Kannry J, Glaser J, Hersher B, Tintzman T. editors. The Role of Clinical Informatics in the Enterprise. 2001 Annual Health Information Management Systems Society Conference. 2001. New Orlean: La; HIMSS
  Google Scholar
• 53 Ash JS, Sittig DF, Seshadri V, Dykstra RH, Carpenter JD, Stavri PZ. Adding insight: A qualitative crosssite study of physician order entry. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2005; 74 7-8 623-628.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 54 Ash JS, Stavri PZ, Dykstra R, Fournier L. Implementing computerized physician order entry: the importance of special people. International Journal of Medical Informatics 2003; 69 2-3 235-250.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 55 CHIMES. Despite Trend Toward Increasing Influence of CMIOs, CHIME Survey Shows Little Growth in Numbers. College of Health Information Executives (CHIMES). 2007 [cited 2011 April 25]; Available from: http://www.cio-chime.org/chime/pressreleases/pr6_1_2007_12_34_52.asp.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 56 CMIO.NET. CMIO-CHIME IT Leadership Survey. Trimed Media Group. 2011 [cited 2014 June 13, 2014]; Available from: http://www.slideshare.net/alizotte/cmio-chime-survey-re sults?qid=48397e1d-81eb-4201-9851-506ef5c02064&v=default&b=&from_search=1.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 57 Walsh B. CMIO 2012 Compensation Survey: Small Salary Shifts and Less Satisfaction. CMIO Magazine. 2012 [cited 2014 March 4]; Available from: http://www.clinical-innovation.com/topics/technology-man agement/cmio-2012-compensation-survey-small-salary-shifts-and-less-satisfaction?page=0%2C1.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 58 CMS. EHR Incentive Program: Data and Reports-August 2015. 2015 [updated August 2015; cited 2015 October 1]; Available from: https://www.cms.gov/Regulations-and-Guidance/Legislation/EHRIncentive Programs/Downloads/August2015_SummaryReport.pdf.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 59 Jeff Williamson AED.
  PubMed
• 60 Detmer DE, Munger BS, Lehmann CU. Clinical informatics board certification: history, current status, and predicted impact on the clinical informatics workforce. Appl Clin Inform 2010; 01 (01) 11-18.
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 61 Ozbolt JG, Saba VK. A brief history of nursing informatics in the United States of America. Nurs Outlook 2008; 56 (05) 199-205 e2.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 62 AONE. AONE(2012): Position Paper: Nursing Informatics Executive Leader. 2012
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 63 Harrington L, CPHIMS F. AONE Creates New Position Paper: Nursing Informatics Executive Leader. Nurse Leader 2012; 10 (03) 17-18.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 64 Telephony: The American Telphone Journal. 1913; 65: 30.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 65 Hall EJ. Hermes Drug in La Grange: a Pioneer Texas Store. The Southwestern historical quarterly 1966; 65-70.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 66 Hansten P. Retrieval and utilization of drug interaction information. American Journal of Health-System Pharmacy 1970; 27 (06) 468-472.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 67 Poikonen J. Pesonal Communication ed2014.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 68 Schleyer T, Song M, Gilbert GH, Rindal DB, Fellows JL, Gordan VV, Funkhouser E. Electronic dental record use and clinical information management patterns among practitioner-investigators in The Dental Practice-Based Research Network. J Am Dent Assoc 2013; 144 (01) 49-58.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 69 Schleyer TK, Thyvalikakath TP, Spallek H, Torres-Urquidy MH, Hernandez P, Yuhaniak J. Clinical computing in general dentistry. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2006; 13 (03) 344-352.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 70 WHO (World Health Organization). Oral Health: What is the Burden?. 2014 [cited 2014 July 1, 2014]; Available from: http://www.who.int/oral_health/disease_burden/global/en/.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 71 Hill HK, Stewart DC, Ash JS. Health Information Technology Systems profoundly impact users: a case study in a dental school. J Dent Educ 2010; 74 (04) 434-445.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 72 Thyvalikakath TP, Monaco V, Thambuganipalle HB, Schleyer T. A usability evaluation of four commercial dental computer-based patient record systems. J Am Dent Assoc 2008; 139 (12) 1632-1642.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 73 Walji MF, Taylor D, Langabeer 2nd JR, Valenza JA. Factors influencing implementation and outcomes of a dental electronic patient record system. J Dent Educ 2009; 73 (05) 589-600.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 74 Song M, Liu K, Abromitis R, Schleyer TL. Reusing electronic patient data for dental clinical research: a review of current status. Journal of dentistry 2013; 41 (12) 1148-1163.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 75 Leviss J, Kremsdorf R, Mohaideen MF. The CMIO - a new leader for health systems. J Am Med Inform Assoc. United States 2006; 573-578.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 76 Hagland M. CMIOs roaring ahead: a new survey released at the AMDIS Symposium charts the growth of CMIOs’ stature in their organizations. Healthcare Informatics via The Free Library. 2011 [updated October 1, 2011; cited 2014 June 13, 2014]; Available from: http://www.thefreelibrary.com/CMIOs+roar ing+ahead%3a+a+new+survey+released+at+the+AMDIS+Symposium.-a0270531562.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 77 Hersh W. The health information technology workforce: estimations of demands and a framework for requirements. Applied clinical informatics 2010; 01 (02) 197.
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 78 Poe SS. The Chief Nursing Information Officers Impact on Electronic Health Record Implementation. iHealth Connections 2011; 01 (01) 61-63.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 79 Committee on the Robert Wood Johnson Foundation Initiative on the Future of Nursing at the Institute of Medicine., Robert Wood Johnson Foundation., Institute of Medicine (U.S.). The future of nursing : leading change, advancing health. Washington, D.C: National Academies Press; 2011
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 80 HIMSS position statement on transforming nursing practice through technology & informatics: (approved by the HIMSS Board of Directors June 17, 2011). Crit Care Nurs Q. 2011 34. 04 367-376.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 81 Sensmeier J. Transforming nursing practice through technology and informatics. Nursing management 2011; 42 (11) 20-23.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 82 Murphy J. The nursing informatics workforce: who are they and what do they do?. Nurs Econ 2011; 29 (03) 150-153.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 83 Davis C, Stoots M. A guide to EHR adoption : implementation through organizational transformation. Chicago, IL: HIMSS (Healthcare Information and Management Systems Society); 2012
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 84 Hodges L, Wierz C. editors. The Emerging Role of the Chief Nursing Information Officer: What is the Current State?. HIMSS Symposium 2012. 2012 HIMSS.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 85 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. ASHP statement on the pharmacist’s role in informatics. Am J Health-Syst Pharm 2007; 64 (02) 200-203.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 86 Rough S, Shane R, Phelps P, Klauck J, Donnelly AJ, Besier JL, Cotugno M, Martin P, Cheng Y, Sherman KC. A solution to an unmet need: Pharmacy specialists in medication-use systems and technology Am J Health Syst Pharm October.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 87 Johnston D, Pan E, Walker J, Bates DW, Middleton B. The Value of Computerized Provider Order Entry in Ambulatory Settings. Botson: Center for Information Technology Leadership (CITL); 2003
  Google Scholar
• 88 Johnston D, Pan E, Walker J, Bates DW, Middleton B. Patient Safety in the Physician’s Office: Assessing the Value of Ambulatory CPOE2004. Available from: http://www.chcf.org/∼/media/Files/PDF/P/PDF%20PatientSafetyInPhysiciansOfficeACPOE.pdf.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 89 Accreditation Council For Pharmacy Education. Accreditation Standards and Gudielines For The Professional Program in Pharmacy Leading To The Doctor Of Pharmacy Degree. 2014 [cited 2014 July 1, 2014]; Available from: https://www.acpe-accredit.org/pdf/S2007Guidelines2.0_ChangesIdentifiedInRed. pdf.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 90 American Medical Informatics Association. Advanced Interprofessional Informatics Certification (AIIC) Program. 2014 [cited 2015 Jan. 20]; Available from: http://www.amia.org/advanced-interprofessional-in formatics-certification.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 91 Nattestad A. Knowledge management systems for oral health in developing and developed countries. Periodontol 2000 2012; 60 (01) 156-161.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 92 Thyvalikakath TP. Designing clinical data presentation using cognitive task analysis methods. Pittsburgh, PA: University of Pittsburgh; 2012
  Google Scholar
• 93 Loeb P, McGibony R, Yeung P. Health Information Technology in California Dental Practices: Survey Findings. CHCF. 2010
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 94 American Dental Association Survey Center. 2006 Technology Survey. Chicago2007.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 95 Medicare and Medicaid programs; electronic health record incentive program. Final rule. Fed Regist 2010; 75 (144) 44313-44588.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 96 Thyvalikakath TP. Pesonal Communication ed2014.
  PubMed
• 97 Field MJ. Dental education at the crossroads. National Academy Press: 1995
  Google Scholar
• 98 Douglass CW. Risk assessment and management of periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc 2006; 137 (Suppl.) 27S-32S.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 99 Page RC, Krall EA, Martin J, Mancl L, Garcia RI. Validity and accuracy of a risk calculator in predicting periodontal disease. J Am Dent Assoc 2002; 133 (05) 569-576.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 100 Samal L, Stavroudis T, Miller R, Lehmann H, Lehmann C. Effect of a laboratory result pager on provider behavior in a neonatal intensive care unit. Appl Clin Inform 2011; 02 (03) 384-394.
  Article in Thieme ConnectPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 101 Harrison MI, Koppel R, Bar-Lev S. Unintended consequences of information technologies in health care--an interactive sociotechnical analysis. J Am Med Inform Assoc 2007; 14 (05) 542-549.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 102 Koppel R, Metlay JP, Cohen A, Abaluck B, Localio AR, Kimmel SE, Strom BL. Role of computerized physician order entry systems in facilitating medication errors. Jama 2005; 293 (10) 1197-1203.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 103 Han YY, Carcillo JA, Venkataraman ST, Clark RS, Watson RS, Nguyen TC, Bayir H, Orr RA. Unexpected increased mortality after implementation of a commercially sold computerized physician order entry system. Pediatrics 2005; 116 (06) 1506-1512.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 104 Kannry J. Computerized Physician Order Entry and Patient Safety: Panacea or Pandora’s Box?. In: Ong K. editor. Medical Informatics: An Executive Primer. Chicago: HIMSS; 2007
  Google Scholar
• 105 Kim GR, Miller MR, Ardolino MA, Smith JE, Lee DC, Lehmann CU. Capture and classification of problems during CPOE deployment in an academic pediatric center. AMIA Annu Symp Proc 2007; 414-417.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 106 Knebel E, Greiner AC. Health Professions Education:: A Bridge to Quality. National Academies Press; 2003
  Google Scholar
• 107 Tribble DA, Poikonen J, Blair J, Briley DC. Whither pharmacy informatics. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2009; 66 (09) 813-815.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 108 ACGME. ACGME Program Requirements for Graduate Medical Education in Clinical Informatics (Review Committees for Anesthesiology, Diagnostic Radiology, Emergency Medicine, Family Medicine, Internal Medicine, Medical Genetics, Pathology, Pediatrics, or Preventive Medicine). 2014
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 109 American Society of Health-System Pharmacists. Educational Outcomes, Goals, and Objectives for Postgraduate Year Two (PGY2) Pharmacy Informatics Residency Programs.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 110 Kalenderian E, Walji M, Ramoni RB. “Meaningful use” of EHR in dental school clinics: how to benefit from the U.S. HITECH Act’s financial and quality improvement incentives. J Dent Educ 2013; 77 (04) 401-415.
  PubMedGoogle Scholar
• 111 Bates DW, Kuperman GJ, Wang S, Gandhi T, Kittler A, Volk L, Spurr C, Khorasani R, Tanasijevic M, Middleton B. Ten commandments for effective clinical decision support: making the practice of evidence-based medicine a reality. Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA 2003; 10 (06) 523-530.
  CrossrefPubMedGoogle Scholar
• 112 Dixon P. The Current State of the Evolving CIO-CMIO Relationship. HealthCare Informatics 2012 (October 10, 2012).
  PubMedGoogle Scholar