A meta-analysis of the technology acceptance model
Section snippets
Summarizing TAM research
Meta-analysis, as used here, is a statistical literature synthesis method that provides the opportunity to view the research context by combining and analyzing the quantitative results of many empirical studies [31]. It is a rigorous alternative to qualitative and narrative literature reviews [80], [108]. In the social and behavioral sciences, meta-analysis is the most commonly used quantitative method [34]. Some leading journals have encouraged the use of this methodology [e.g., 21].
TAM has
Methodology of our study
The papers included in the analysis were identified using “TAM” and “Technology Acceptance Model” as keywords and specifying “article” as the document type in the social science citation index (SSCI) in the fall of 2004. The initial search produced 178 papers. The elimination of irrelevant papers (such as those referring to tamoxifen in pharmacology, transfer appropriate monitoring in experimental psychology and Tam as a family name) produced a total of 134 papers.
This search was supplemented
Analysis
This meta-analysis was conducted on a “random effects” basis. The assumption underlying this was that the samples in individual studies are taken from populations that had varying effect sizes. This appeared to be a more descriptive assumption than the alternative (a “fixed effects” model that assumed that there was a single true effect in the “super population” from which the populations were drawn) [24]. The possible differential effect of moderators across studies, such as the nature of
Conclusions
This meta-analysis of 88 TAM studies involving more than 12,000 observations provided powerful large-sample evidence that:
- (a)
The TAM measures (PU,U, and BI) are highly reliable and may be used in a variety of contexts.
- (b)
TAM correlations, while strong, have considerable variability, suggesting that moderator variables can help explain the effects. The experience level of users was shown to be a moderator in a number of studies but was not pursued here because of the difficulty in identifying the
Summary
The meta-analysis rigorously substantiates the conclusion that has been widely reached through qualitative analyses: that TAM is a powerful and robust predictive model. It is also shown to be a “complete mediating” model in that the effect of ease of use on behavioral intention is primary through usefulness.
The search for moderators in terms of type of user and type of use demonstrated that professionals and general users produce quite different results. However, students, who are often used as
William R. King holds the title university professor in the KATZ Graduate School of Business at the University of Pittsburgh. He has published more than 300 papers and 15 books in the areas of information systems, management science, and strategic planning. He has served as founding president of the Association for Information Systems, President of TIMS (now INFORMS) and editor-in-chief of the MIS Quarterly.
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William R. King holds the title university professor in the KATZ Graduate School of Business at the University of Pittsburgh. He has published more than 300 papers and 15 books in the areas of information systems, management science, and strategic planning. He has served as founding president of the Association for Information Systems, President of TIMS (now INFORMS) and editor-in-chief of the MIS Quarterly.
Jun He is an assistant professor of MIS at the University of Michigan-Dearborn. He has an MBA from Tsinghua Univeristy and a PhD degree from the University of Pittsburgh. His research interests include systems design and development, knowledge management, and methodological issues. He has presented a number of papers at meetings of the Association for Computing Machinery (ACM) and the Americas’ Conference on Information Systems (AMCIS), published in Communications of the Association for Information Systems, and in a book of Current Topics in Management.