Summary table
What was already known before What the study added to our knowledge • While implementing IT systems in
► We examine direct and indirect effects of the deployment of the EMR system. ► Direct effect altered ED doctors’ workflows including increased workload and responsibility for residents and documentation location change. ► Indirect effect was a consequence of the altered workflow and indirectly affected clinical collaboration and patient care. ► Three design guidelines are suggested to be accounted for in future EMR system designs.
Many healthcare organizations are undergoing a transition from paper records to “Electronic Medical Records” (EMR) systems [1]. Previous studies suggest the use of EMR has greatly affected the ways in which doctors document and manage patient information [2], [3], [4], [5], [6], [7], [8]. The influence of electronic systems on doctor work practices has drawn increasing interest from both the medical informatics and the human–computer interaction (HCI) communities. Literature in both these fields has studied the importance of human factors and organizational changes in the EMR implementation process; the EMR system influences not only people's behaviors at the individual level, but also the organization of work practices conducted in a healthcare institution. These studies have examined the influence of Information Technology (IT) on people's behaviors in a variety of work practices such as hospital inpatient units and outpatient clinics [9], and explored both beneficial and detrimental effects of computerized documentation on clinical and educational practices [10]. However, the majority of these HCI and Medical Informatics studies are either retrospective, conducted after the system had been implemented, or survey-based, focusing solely on one moment of an ongoing implementation process [10], [11], [12].
In this study, we intend to gain deeper understandings of how the design of EMR systems affects medical work practices by observing the rollout of the EMR in situ during the paper-to-electronic transition period. The EMR rollout at our field site is scheduled to occur in four phases over a three-year period. In this paper, we focused on the rollout of electronic MD notes, which was the first phase of the larger EMR study and only affected doctors’ work practices. The importance of MD notes in healthcare is paramount. MD notes ensure patients’ medical information is recorded accurately, efficiently, and quickly; and they provide written documentation for both medical research and legal purposes [2], [13]. With the increasing adoption of EMR systems in the US, studying the effects of electronic MD notes has become a salient issue, since this may radically change every single aspect of doctors’ work practices. Thus, efficient and effective documentation methods are always of interest to the medical informatics research community.
Although many studies have explored the consequences of EMR on clinical work practices and related design issues, such as usability or functionalities of EMR systems, in this study we intend to associate the work practices changes led by the EMR system with the actual design of the system and provide design guidelines for future EMR systems. This study aims to answer the following questions:
How does the electronic documentation lead to the observed changes in ED doctors’ work practices?
What design guidelines could be used to alleviate these effects on ED doctors’ work practices?
The timing of our study afforded us a unique opportunity to understand nuanced changes in ED staff behaviors and to obtain insight into the organizational impact of an EMR system during the paper-to-electronic transition of MD notes. Our study started three months before the system deployment, continued throughout one week of the deployment period, and ended three months after the deployment of the electronic MD notes. In our field study we found the deployment of the electronic MD notes had the following effects: (1) directly altering ED doctors’ workflows and (2) indirectly affecting clinical collaboration and patient care (a consequence of the altered workflow). The direct effects of the system included longer charting times, workload changes, and workaround use developed by doctors. The indirect effects of system use included increased interruptions, increased multi-tasking, and decreased patient care time. These findings suggest system design should focus not only on medical practices, but on how the system will be used to conduct work practices. We suggest three design guidelines for electronic documentation systems: (1) design to support note-intensive tasks mainly affecting residents’ work, (2) design to define different roles in collaborative work between residents and attendings, and (3) design to balance flexibility and interruption.
Previous studies indicate the use of Healthcare IT systems (HIT), such as Computerized Physicians Order Entry (CPOE) and Electronic Medical Records (EMR), can benefit medical practices in various ways, including providing easy access to and accurate documentation of patients’ records [4], [5], [6], reducing potential medical errors [7], standardizing practice [2], improving the quality of patient care [2], and billing management [2], [21]. However, these benefits are often coupled with
The primary objective of ED care is to stabilize patients’ medical problems promptly and move them out of the ED, either discharging them or admitting them to an inpatient unit. ED doctors treat a wide variety of illnesses which range from mild to life-threatening. Depending on the acuity of illness, patients in the ED may reside in three different units: ED1, ED2, or ED3, respectively ranging from the most to least severe. Each ED unit has a nursing station and a shelf where paper medical
The EMR at our field site was deployed in multiple stages. What we report in this paper is the rollout of the electronic MD notes function; during this stage, only ED doctors’ documentation work was transitioned into the electronic system. The order system, the electronic triage note, and the nursing documentation system were scheduled to be implemented later on. In this section, we look at the ED doctors’ documentation work as it changes from paper to EMR-based electronic note charting. An MD
Our study indicates the electronic MD notes system shifted documentation workload and caused workflow changes among ED doctors in our field site. In turn, these changes influenced the way ED doctors interacted with nurses and patients.
The findings of the study suggest the deployment of electronic MD notes has both direct and indirect consequences on ED doctors’ work practices – direct effects caused by the actual use of the system and indirect effects following as consequences. The system directly affects the doctors’ work processes by reshuffling workloads, by changing workflows, and by leading to the development of new workarounds. As an indirect result of the more stationary nature of their work with the EMR, the doctors
The electronic MD note system is a part of the larger EMR system deployed at our field site. Our field study took place when the documentation of the MD note was transitioning from paper charts to electronic MD notes. It was hoped that transferring the clinical practice from a paper-based system to an electronic system could greatly improve the legibility, readability, and searchability of medical records stored in the EMR system. These expected benefits emerged after using the electronic MD
Sun Young Park performed the data collection, conducted the initial data analysis, and led the writing of the manuscript.
So Young Lee contributed substantially to the data collection, data analysis, and to the writing of the manuscript.
Dr. Yunan Chen supervised the data collection and data analysis and contributed substantially to the writing of the manuscript.
None of the authors have any financial conflicts or other conflicts of interest with this work.
We are grateful for the support of the leadership at UCI Medical Center Emergency Department and the ED clinicians, staff, and researchers who participated in our study. None of the funding agencies had influence on study design, data collection, or analysis. This work was approved by the Institutional Review Board at the University of California, Irvine under protocol HS# 2009-6754. Summary tableWhat was already known before What the study added to our knowledge • While implementing IT systems in
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