Multilevel mixed-effect logistic regression analysis of women’s health service access using 2016 EDHS data
| Variables | Category | Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | Model 4 |
| AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | AOR (95% CI) | |||
| Educational status | Primary | 1.19 (1.06 to 1.33)* | - | 1.19 (1.07 to 1.34) | |
| Secondary | 1.59 (1.36 to 1.85)* | 1.56 (1.34 to 1.81)** | |||
| Higher | 2.10 (1.74 to 2.55)* | 2.02 (1.66 to 2.44)** | |||
| No education | 1 | 1 | |||
| Respondent’s age | 20–24 years | 1.04 (0.91 to 1.18) | – | 1.03 (0.91 to 1.17) | |
| 25–29 years | 1.01 (0.88 to 1.15) | – | 1.00 (0.88 to 1.14) | ||
| 30–34 years | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.23) | – | 1.06 (0.92 to 1.23) | ||
| 35–39 years | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.13) | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.12) | |||
| 40–44 years | 0.95 (0.80 to 1.13) | 0.94 (0.79 to 1.12) | |||
| 45–49 years | 0.86 (0.71 to 1.04) | 0.85 (0.70 to 1.03) | |||
| 15–19 years | 1 | 1 | |||
| Wealth status | Rich | 1.35 (1.17 to 1.58)* | – | 1.38 (1.19 to 1.61)** | |
| Middle | 2.37 (2.04 to 2.74)* | – | 2.26 (1.93 to 2.62) | ||
| Poor | 1 | 1 | |||
| Respondents currently working | Yes | 0.98 (0.91 to 1.09) | 0.96 (0.90 to 1.09) | ||
| No | 1 | 1 | |||
| Media exposure | Yes | 1.16 (1.04 to 1.30)* | – | 1.15 (1.03 to 1.29)** | |
| No | 1 | 1 | |||
| Region | Afar | – | 0.64 (0.42 to 0.97)* | 0.97 (0.65 to 1.45) | |
| Amhara | – | 1.49 (1.03 to 2.17) | 1.56 (1.10 to 2.22) | ||
| Oromia | – | 0.30 (0.21 to 0.45) | 0.28 (0.19 to 0.40) | ||
| Somali | – | 0.58 (0.40 to 0.85)* | 0.92 (0.64 to 1.35) | ||
| Benishangul | – | 0.52 (0.34 to 0.80) | 0.56 (0.38 to 0.83) | ||
| SNNPR | – | 0.56 (0.38 to 0.82)* | 0.53 (0.37 to 0.76) | ||
| Gambela | – | 0.67 (0.44 to 1.01) | 0.78 (0.52 to 1.14) | ||
| Harari | – | 2.77 (1.79 to 4.29) | 2.51 (1.66 to 3.79) | ||
| Addis Abeba | – | 0.89 (0.59 to 1.37) | 0.66 (0.44 to 0.98) | ||
| Dire Dawa | – | 0.25 (0.16 to 0.39)* | 0.25 (0.16 to 0.38) | ||
| Tigray | 1 | 1 | |||
| Residency | Rural | – | – | 0.19 (0.15 to 0.24)* | 0.18 (0.14 to 0.23)** |
| Urban | 1 | 1 | |||
| Model comparison | ICC | 0.40 | 0.28 | 0.23 | 0.19 |
| Variation | 0.17 | 0.105 | 0.081 | 0.072 | |
| MOR (95% CI) | 2.22 (1.92 to 2.57) | 1.29 (1.10 to 1.52) | 0.97 (0.82 to 1.15) | 0.81 (0.68 to 0.97) | |
| AIC | 16 866 | 16 218 | 16 502 | 16 027 |
*Significant at model 2 and model 3; **, significant at model 4.
AIC, Akaike's information criteria; AOR, adjusted odds ratio; CI, confidence interval; EDHS, Ethiopian demographic and health survey; ICC, intraclass correlation coefficient; MOR, median odds ratio; SNNPR, South Nations Nationalities and People's Region.