Constructs and items used in the web-based questionnaire
| Construct | Items | Cronbach’s alpha | Source adapted from |
| Performance expectancy (PE) | PE1: I find mobile diabetes applications useful in my daily life. PE2: Using mobile diabetes applications increases my chances of achieving things that are important to me. PE3: Using mobile diabetes applications helps me accomplish things more quickly. PE4: Using mobile diabetes applications increases my productivity. | 0.951* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Effort expectancy (EE) | EE1: Learning how to use mobile diabetes applications is easy for me. EE2: My interaction with mobile diabetes applications is clear and understandable. EE3: I find mobile diabetes applications easy to use. EE4: It is easy for me to become skillful at using mobile diabetes applications. | 0.922* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Social influence (SI) | SI1: People who are important to me think that I should use mobile diabetes applications. SI2: People who influence my behavior think that I should use mobile diabetes applications. SI3: People whose opinions that I value prefer that I use mobile diabetes applications. | 0.948* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Facilitating conditions (FC) | FC1: I have the resources necessary to use mobile diabetes applications. FC2: I have the knowledge necessary to use mobile diabetes applications. FC3: Mobile diabetes applications are compatible with other technologies I use. FC4: I can get help from others when I have difficulties using mobile diabetes applications. | 0.733* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Hedonic motivation (HM) | HM1: Using mobile diabetes applications is fun. HM2: Using mobile diabetes applications is enjoyable. HM3: Using mobile diabetes applications is very entertaining. | 0.937* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Price value (PV) | PV1: Mobile diabetes applications are reasonably priced. PV2: Mobile diabetes applications are a good value for the money. PV3: At the current price, mobile diabetes applications provide a good value. | 0.867* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Habit (HT) | HT1: The use of mobile diabetes applications has become a habit for me. HT2: I am addicted to using mobile diabetes applications. HT3: I must use mobile diabetes applications. | 0.879* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Behavioral intention (BI) | BI1: I intend to continue using mobile diabetes applications in the future. BI2: I will always try to use mobile diabetes applications in my daily life. BI3: I plan to continue to use mobile diabetes applications frequently. | 0.898* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Use behavior (UB) | Please choose your usage frequency for mobile diabetes applications: Never Once a month Several times a month Once a week Several times a week Once a day Several times a day Once an hour Several times an hour All the time | 1.000* | Venkatesh et al.18, Harborth and Pape23 |
| Perceived disease threat (PDT)† | PDT1: I am aware that my blood sugar control is not optimal. PDT2: I am very concerned about my blood sugar. PDT3: I am very concerned about diabetes-associated complications. | 0.743‡ | Zhang et al.24 |
| Trust (TR)† | TR1: I trust my mobile diabetes application. TR2: I find mobile diabetes applications reliable in conducting health services. TR3: I feel that mobile diabetes applications are safe for receiving reliable medical information. TR4: I trust mobile diabetes applications’ commitment to satisfy my medical information needs. | 0.869§ | Lee et al.25 |
*Cronbach’s alpha retrieved from Harborth and Pape.23
†New constructs added to UTAUT2 for this study.
‡Cronbach’s alpha retrieved from Zhang et al.24
§Cronbach’s alpha retrieved from Lee et al.25
UTAUT2, Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology 2.