Thematic analysis of studies classifying the afferent arm, efferent arm, timing, targeted group, study type and level of digital maturity
| Level | Purpose | Afferent arm | Efferent arm | Timing | Targeted group | Study type | Level of digital maturity |
| Micro | Risk prediction13 47 | Risk prediction score13 47 | Interruptive within workflow13 Non-interruptive within workflow47 | Real-time13 47 | MDT13 47 | RCT13 Controlled before and after47 | 413 47 |
| Earlier diagnosis16 22 26 27 32–34 42–46 | SCr16 22 26 32–34 42–46 SCr and urine output27 | Interruptive within workflow16 22 26 43–45 Interruptive outside workflow27 33 34 42 Non-interruptive outside workflow32 46 | Real-time16 22 27 32–34 43–45 Near real-time26 42 46 | MDT33 34 46 Physician16 26 27 42 43 Undefined (clinical team)22 32 44 45 | RCT22 33 34 Before and after26 32 42 44 Interrupted time-series27 46 Time-series16 Retrospective comparative study45 Observational descriptive study43 | 142 46 227 32–34 43 326 416 22 44 45 | |
| Harm prevention15 19–21 23 24 28 30 35 38–41 | Nephrotoxin exposure20 41 SCr15 19 21 23 24 28 30 35 38–40 | Interruptive within workflow19 20 24 28 30 35 39 41 Interruptive outside workflow21 Non-interruptive within workflow15 40 45 Non-interruptive outside workflow23 | Real-time15 19–21 24 28 30 35 38–41 Near real-time23 | MDT15 19 23 40 Pharmacist24 Physician20 21 28 30 35 39 41 Undefined (clinical team)38 | RCT35 Before and after15 19–21 23 28 30 38 40 41 Observational descriptive study24 39 | 220 21 24 28 30 39 41 315 23 40 419 35 38 | |
| Meso | Earlier diagnosis12 50–53 | SCr12 50–53 | Interruptive within workflow50 51 Interruptive outside workflow12 53 Non-interruptive outside workflow52 | Real-time12 50 51 53 Near real -time52 | MDT12 50 53 Physician51 52 | Controlled before and after12 Before and after50–52 Qualitative interview study53 | 212 51 52 350 453 |
| Harm prevention11 17 18 25 29 36 48 49 | Nephrotoxin exposure11 SCr17 18 25 29 36 48 49 | Interruptive within workflow29 Interruptive outside workflow36 48 Non-Interruptive within workflow25 49 Non-interruptive outside workflow11 17 18 | Real-time36 Near real-time11 17 18 25 29 36 48 49 | MDT17 29 36 Pharmacist11 18 25 48 49 | RCT36 Controlled study29 Before and after11 17 18 25 49 Quality improvement48 | 111 217 18 25 29 48 49 536 | |
| Macro | Earlier diagnosis31 54 | SCr31 54 | Interruptive outside workflow31 54 | Real-time54 Near real-time31 | MDT54 Physician31 | Quality improvement54 Randomised factorial design QI approach31 | 531 54 |
| Harm prevention37 | SCr37 | Interruptive within workflow37 | Real-time37 | Physician37 | RCT37 | 537 |
MDT, multidisciplinary team; QI, quality improvement; RCT, randomised controlled trial; SCr, serum creatinine.