| RDF (Resource Description Framework)12 | A family of World Wide Web Consortium specifications originally designed as a metadata data model |
| OWL (OWL Web Ontology Language)13 | A family of knowledge representation languages for authoring ontologies |
| SPARQL (SPARQL Protocol and RDF Query Language)14 | An RDF query language that is a semantic query language for databases, able to retrieve and manipulate data stored in RDF format |